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Europeans wanted to find a quicker way to reach Asia using the oceans to save time rather than travelling the silk road on land.

The founding fathers feared an all-powerful national government (as England had been). So in creating the Constitution they felt a need to balance power between a national government and those of the states. Delegating some specific powers to the national government, as well as reserving some powers for the state governments placed limits on the power of each.

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the first constitution to exist in North America

The US Constitution attempted to address the failing of the Articles of Confederation by creating a 3 branched government with checks and balances. This replaced the one branch federal government of the Articles of Confederation, and also increased the power of the federal government and its superiority over the governments of the individual states

The non-importation agreements and Boston Tea Party were both directed towards trade policies. These topics outline responses to the idea of mercantilism imposed on them by King George III.

Smaller states such as New Jersey feared domination of the national government by larger, more populous states. At the convention, smaller states argued for equal representation in government as to ensure their power. Larger states, such as Virginia, argued for representation based on population owing to their greater numbers and larger economies. “The Great Compromise” created a bicameral (or two-house) legislature (Congress) in which the upper house (the Senate) is based on equal representation (2 Senators from each state) and the lower house (The House of Representatives) is based on proportional representation related to population.

Paine's work expressed a voice of independence. He sighted many problems the colonists should recognize as common sense and described grievances with King George III.

Many settlers in the colonies believed they should exercise their rights outlined in the English Bill of Rights. After the French and Indian War King George III and parliament passed many acts and taxes people believed infringed upon these rights.

The Declaratory Act was passed by Parliament to ensure they had more power in the colonies. Colonists now feared even more taxes!

John Locke's theory of natural rights greatly influenced the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

The Declaration of Independence encourages people to rise up against governments that do not work for the will and wishes of the general population.

Each self-government included democratic principles where people were able to elect representatives or vote within their own communities. Privileges were granted to free, white men, not women, slaves, or minority groups at the time.

Hamilton did not agree with the idea of including a Bill of Rights because he believed a list would limit the rights that should be recognized. A list could not include all of the rights of the people.

Anti-federalists, such as Thomas Jefferson, believed a strong central government would result in tyranny (similar to King George's reign). To protect the people a BIll of Rights must be included in the Constitution.

Colonists had fought a bitter war in order to achieve their independence from an oppressive British government. Therefore, the Articles of Confederation were drafted in order to ensure that a strong central government would not be a problem.

In the colonial era, England believed that the colonists existed for the sole purpose of being a trade partner and resource center of the mother country. This was exemplified by the acts and taxes passed before the American Revolution.

After initial contact with Europeans, Native Americans often died from disease because of a lack of antibodies and immunities to smallpox or even the flu. Later in the 1800's many Native Americans would die from starvation, exhaustion, murder, and relocation.

After the French and Indian War, King George III issued this demand to avoid more conflicts with Natives in the region. More conflict would mean more expenditures on wars. Colonists were unhappy with it because they wanted to keep moving westward into fertile areas along major river systems.

John Locke believed in the concept of natural rights - Life, Liberty, and Property

Prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913, which provided for direct election of U.S. Senators, members of the House of Representatives were the only Federal officials that were voted into office by a popular vote of the people. Before 1913, U.S. Senators were elected by state legislatures.

Mercantilism is an economic policy that promotes government intervention and regulation of trade. The idea is to gain a national reserve through positive trade of finished goods. For colonists this meant limiting trading partners.

The Ohio River Valley just west of the Appalachian Mountains is fertile for farming. English colonists were farmers while the French and Native Americans used the land for hunting to bolster fur trade.

The consent of the governed is an idea born of the enlightenment and the writings of John Locke. This is the idea that a government gains its power via the willingness of the people to support it.

After the war was won by the British their debt had risen to 132 million pounds!

After the French and Indian War, King George III began imposing many taxes and acts on the colonists. Colonists resisted these as they prevented free trade, hurt markets, and disrupted their way of life.

Major harbors such as New York and Boston helped colonies in New England develop. The short growing season is the key phrase, differentiating New England from Southern colonies that had a longer growing season due to warmer climates.

The House of Burgesses is similar to today's House of Representatives where representatives are elected to hold up the ideas of the people.

Different geographic locations result in different climates and variances in natural resources. In the south warmer temperatures and fertile soil gave rise to agriculture while in the north fishing and large forests were great for building ships.

Native Americans introduced colonists to tobacco which would be grown in large quantities and sold for huge profits back in Europe.

Zenger's lawyers, Hamilton and Smith attempted to establish the precedent that a statement, even if defamatory, is not libelous if it can be proved, thus affirming freedom of the press in America

The Declaration of Independence listed colonists grievances with King George III. Citizens, educated or not, could participate in government. However, a government can only rule if those who are governed by it agree to its principles.

Paine mentions "markets" and expresses frustration with the way Britain had limited them. He encourages fellow colonists to fight for free markets so they can trade with anyone they choose to make money.

A candidate under the present "two party system" that exists in the U.S. only needs to win a simple majority (half+1) to win. 270 votes is the magic number.

The electoral system is often criticized by many people. Although electors should vote the way the people ask them to sometimes they don't. These people are called faithless electors.

The Elastic Clause is also known as the Blanket Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the CoEfficient Clause. It has been used to create "implied powers" that are necessary and proper for the federal government to carry out its duties.

The main roles of the President also include Chief Executive, Judicial Enforcer, and Chief Diplomat. The president has many responsibilities.

Colonists had fought a bitter war in order to achieve their independence from an oppressive British government. Therefore, the Articles of Confederation were drafted in order to ensure that a strong central government would not be a problem.

The Declaration of Independence simply lists the grievances colonists had against King George III in order to justify their separation from Britain.

The Constitution does not outline any demand for the establishment of the President's advisers or cabinet yet every President has created one to help succeed.

Freedom of speech is limited when it promotes clear and present danger to the American people. Remember, this term, like many in the Constitution, are written "loosely" so that they are open to interpretation in future settings as the world changes.

The president has several executive powers given to them. Vetoing bills, appointing high officials, and declaring executive orders.

Electors are supposed to vote the way the popular vote goes but there have been unfaithful electors in nearly 1/3 of the country's 56 elections!

Checking and balancing involves the ability of each of the three branches of government to regulate and monitor the power of the others. In this case the ability to veto a law ensures that the legislative branch is not passing laws the go beyond their duties or powers. The president can “check” their actions by rejecting the legislation.

New Jersey, and other small states would like equal representation so their power is equal. Power based on population would render smaller states powerless in decision making.

Judges rarely have the same views on all issues. In fact, it wouldn't make sense for judges to do so when ruling on matters. Seeing the long-term effects is a natural part of the job, but holding a life-long position allows judges to avoid politics and let their judgments be authentic and sound to their beliefs.

The Bill of Rights only includes Amendments I - X. Because this is Amendment XIX, it shows that voting rights were not realized by women until after the Bill of RIghts were established, thus, everyone was not allowed to vote when they were originally adopted.

Federalism is the principle that government is run by a single union on different levels. In the United States there is the federal (national) government and state governments as well as local governments that must act together. This is NOT separation of powers because this does not discuss branches of government.

English colonists in particular were afraid of a strong central government abusing their rights. They wanted a set of rights similar to the English Bill of Rights. Anti-Federalists argued with Federalists to make sure this was included before the Constitution was ratified.

Alexander Hamilton and many within his Federalist supporters distrusted the uneducated, rural population of America and did not wish to extend them too much say within government. This is evident in the Constitution as ratified in 1789, as the only direct election called for was for the lower house of Congress (House of Reps.). Senators were originally selected by the legislatures of the states and the president in-directly elected by an electoral college.

The elastic clause or the necessary and proper clause in the Constitution, allows Congress to expand its powers beyond the actual text of the Constitution in order to carry out its duties of running the nation. In the case of the National Bank, Hamilton argued that creating the bank fell within the realm of a necessary and proper action, needed to effectively manage the US economy. The bank would remain a divisive issue in early American history as opinions differed over the legality of its creation. It was the center of the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and the “Bank War” under President Andrew Jackson.

In addition to this, many argue that the Electoral system is archaic and does not represent the will of the people. The Electoral System also encourages a two party system in the US.

Concurrent powers, such as taxation, are granted to BOTH the federal and state government

Taxing is NOT a reserved power, it is a concurrent power. Concurrent powers are held by both the federal and state government. The federal government also has the power to tax so it is not reserved solely to the state.

The unwritten Constitution has come about through custom and usage over the past 200+ years. It implies that there are ideas; actions and concepts that are not actually in the Constitution itself, but that have arisen as a natural extension of its use. The cabinet is not directly addressed in the document, but has arisen over time as a means of advising the president.

Habeas corpus is a writ that prevents people from being arrested and held without due process to minimize tyranny and injustice. It may be suspended in times of chaos as was done by Abraham Lincoln.

The preamble states the fundamental purposes, principles, and goals of the government established by the Constitution. Its purpose is to generally define the reasons behind the Constitution, establish what justifies a government, and explain how its citizens have come to create one.

An executive privilege is reserved to the President or other members of the Executive Branch. Vetoing bills is an example of the President's power and is also an example of how the Executive Branch may check on the Legislative Branch.

John Marshall had been nominated by John Adams and was a strong Federalist judge. As Chief Justice, Marshall moved the Supreme Court to decisions that favored and strengthened the Federal Government and its superiority over the states. Decisions such as McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) and others are testimony to this expansion and protection of the federal government.

The Monroe Doctrine was written by John Quincy Adams and had the main purpose of preserving newly independent countries in Latin America for trade with the United States by trying to keep European countries out.

The south had better fertile land but more importantly they had a climate that allowed plants to grow all year round unlike the seasonal climate in other regions.

Neutrality is the best answer. He believed the country could not waste money, resources, or man power to help other countries - even France, America's first ally. Isolationism is an option but Washington believed foreign TRADE was good and neutrality is about military/political alliances and isolationism would also take away the economic benefits of working with other countries so it doesn't make sense. More trade = more money. It is only helpful to a new country to grow.

Going back as far as the colonial era the northern and southern regions of America had differed greatly economically. The northern states were based mostly in manufacturing, trade and some agricultural production, while the southern states were vastly agricultural. These early differences also help account for the rapid growth of slavery (in agriculture) in the south and its low incidence in the northern regions. This caused a clear division in the nation between salve and free states. With the rise of westward expansion in the 1800’s, the nation continually encountered issues related to managing the spread of slavery as the country expanded. The Constitution did not provide for such territorial expansions and as such the sectional and economic differences continued to divide the nation and helped contribute to the eruption of the Civil War in 1861

The Monroe Doctrine wanted to ensure that European nations would NOT recolonize North America. After the defeat of Napoleon, Monroe thought the European countries involved in his wars would refocus their attention on South America so he told them to "stay out"

Judicial review is the term that refers to the Judicial Branch's ability to determine the constitutionality of laws and actions at the highest level.

A tariff is a tax on an import that makes a foreign good cost more than a domestic good, or a product created in a United States factory. This pushes consumers towards buying US made goods although they may be at a higher cost. It ensures jobs are kept and factories keep producing.

In his farewell address George Washington warned the fledgling America to stay clear of “entangling alliances” with the Europeans, but to continue economic ties with the continent. He also sent warnings about the dangers of political parties and the factions they could create, dividing the American people.

The Mexican American War resulted in the Mexican Cecssion. Many states like Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Utah, California, and Nevada were made out of it. Land expansion is related to the belief in Manifest Destiny.

The Erie Canal is in New York. On the western half of New York it is bordered by Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Below those lakes are several midwest states that farmed goods that needed to be transported to New York City. The canal was dug and hooked into the Hudson River to transport goods to areas of high demand to be sold.

In his farewell address George Washington warned the fledgling America to stay clear of “entangling alliances” with the Europeans, but to continue economic ties with the continent. This policy of neutrality in Europe (and in most external affairs) remained a fixture of US foreign policy up until the growth of US imperialism in the late 1800’s.

The specific power of Judicial Review is not addressed in article 3 of the Constitution, however many Constitutional scholars agree the founding fathers meant the Supreme Court to have this power. The court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) effectively cemented the Supreme Court’s claim to judicial review, in which the court first stated the right to declare laws unconstitutional.

The elastic clause or the necessary and proper clause in the Constitution, allows Congress to expand its powers beyond the actual text of the Constitution in order to carry out its duties of running the nation. In the case of the National Bank, Hamilton argued that creating the bank fell within the realm of a necessary and proper action, needed to effectively manage the US economy. The bank would remain a divisive issue in early American history as opinions differed over the legality of its creation. It was the center of the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and the “Bank War” under President Andrew Jackson.

Washington was a supporter of a strong national government. He enacted policies such as the creation of the National Bank (part of Hamilton’s financial plan) and the use of federal troops to quell the Whiskey Rebellion to effectively use the powers of a strong federal government.

Federalism is when states and the federal government share powers. Reserved=States only Delegated=Federal only Concurrent=Both

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison) focused on countering the Alien and Sedition acts that had been passed by the Federalists under President John Adams, the Nullification Doctrine of South Carolina centered on a dispute involving an 1828 tariff that many Southern states sought to undo

The 'Transportation Revolution' of the early 1800's saw the growth of canals (such as the Erie Canal of New York State), turnpikes (toll roads constructed by many states) and later into the 1830's and 1840's rail. This encouraged regional specialization among the Northern, Southern and Western regions of the nation, as goods, crops and manufactured items flowed more easily between areas.

Prior to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Lincoln tried many persuasive arguments to preserve the Union. He contended that; “in view of the Constitution and the law, the union is unbroken”. Despite his efforts seven states had seceded by his inauguration in March 1861, and after the firing on Fort Sumter the Civil War was in progress.

As US President, Lincoln was sworn to “preserve and defend” the union. It was clear that allowing the South to succeed from the Union would destroy the United States Lincoln was leading. He attempted to retain the Southern states within the US, eventually resorting to war in order to achieve the desired preservation.

One of the main causes of the Civil War was a tension between the southern state governments and the federal government over states’ rights and powers. Following the defeat of the Confederacy, the federal government expanded its power and control over that states in order to better avoid a resumption of the tensions that had contributed to the war.

Going back as far as the colonial era the northern and southern regions of America had differed greatly economically. The northern states were based mostly in manufacturing, trade and some agricultural production, while the southern states were vastly agricultural. These early differences also help account for the rapid growth of slavery (in agriculture) in the south and its low incidence in the northern regions. These sectional and economic differences continued to divide the nation and helped contribute to the eruption of the Civil War in 1861.

Going back as far as the colonial era the northern and southern regions of America had differed greatly economically. The northern states were based mostly in manufacturing, trade and some agricultural production, while the southern states were vastly agricultural. These early differences also help account for the rapid growth of slavery (in agriculture) in the south and its low incidence in the northern regions. This caused a clear division in the nation between salve and free states. With the rise of westward expansion in the 1800’s, the nation continually encountered issues related to managing the spread of slavery as the country expanded. The Constitution did not provide for such territorial expansions and as such the sectional and economic differences continued to divide the nation and helped contribute to the eruption of the Civil War in 1861.

As US President, Lincoln was sworn to “preserve and defend” the union. It was clear that allowing the South to succeed from the Union would destroy the United States Lincoln was leading. He attempted to retain the Southern states within the US, eventually resorting to war in order to achieve the desired preservation.

The three cases listed in the question all clearly illustrate the failings of the Supreme Court in protecting minorities. It was not until the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 that the court began to apply the 14th amendment guarantee of equal protection under the law in a equal manner.

Going back as far as the colonial era the northern and southern regions of America had differed greatly economically. The northern states were based mostly in manufacturing, trade and some agricultural production, while the southern states were vastly agricultural. These early differences also help account for the rapid growth of slavery (in agriculture) in the south and its low incidence in the northern regions. This caused a clear division in the nation between salve and free states. With the rise of westward expansion in the 1800’s, the nation continually encountered issues related to managing the spread of slavery as the country expanded. The Constitution did not provide for such territorial expansions and as such the sectional and economic differences continued to divide the nation and helped contribute to the eruption of the Civil War in 1861

Plantations required slaves to keep their large profit margins. Crops that were most popular included tobacco then a major switch to cotton after Eli Whitney created his Cotton Gin.

The map reflects the difference in political party following that was often split over decisions including slavery and the economy.

The war time economy caused a great boom in the north as soldiers needed uniforms and arms to fight.

Booker T. Washington and another great African-American leader, W.E.B. Du Bois differed in their approaches to education. Washington favored vocational education that would teach a skilled trade, such as farming or carpentry. While Du Bois favored broader more formal education, such as literature and sciences.

Jim Crow laws were legalized segregation. Upheld as legal in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, Jim Crow laws would persist in the South up until the culmination of the black civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60’s.

Note how "solid" goes along with the idea of "consistent." In reaction to the Radical Reconstruction of the Radical Republicans and the Republican state governments set up in the South during Reconstruction, the southern states overwhelmingly began to support the Democratic Party.

The 14th amendment’s guarantee of “equal protection under the law” demands that application of law be the same regardless of the citizen it is being applied to. In the case of the death penalty, protestors have claimed that system is biased by race, sex and socioeconomic status and as a result fails to be applied in an equal manner.

Jim Crow laws were legalized segregation. Upheld as legal in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, Jim Crow laws would persist in the South up until the culmination of the black civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60’s.

Republican president Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans who controlled Congress, differed over how to handle the task of reconstruction in the post-Civil War South. Johnson favored a more forgiving plan outlined by Lincoln prior to his assassination, the Radical Republicans favor a punishing plan that occupied and controlled the former Confederacy. The Radical Republicans subsequently attempted to impeach Johnson and he escaped removal by only 1 vote in the Senate. While still president, Johnson was politically weakened by the attack from his own party members and as such the radical element enacted their own, harsh plan on the South.

Literacy tests and poll taxes were common tactics used in southern states to suppress voting by African-Americans. Grandfather clauses were enacted as a way of allowing poor, uneducated, white southerners to vote despite the tests and taxes, based on their grandfathers voting history

Republican president Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans who controlled Congress, differed over how to handle the task of reconstruction in the post-Civil War South. Johnson favored a more forgiving plan outlined by Lincoln prior to his assassination, the Radical Republicans favor a punishing plan that occupied and controlled the former Confederacy. The Radical Republicans subsequently attempted to impeach Johnson and he escaped removal by only 1 vote in the Senate. While still president, Johnson was politically weakened by the attack from his own party members and as such the radical element enacted their own, harsh plan on the South.

Ford's assembly line allowed production to be fast, efficient, and inexpensive.

Tariffs on foreign and imported goods help to keep American businesses competitive.

Chinese immigrants worked for low wages on rail lines. They helped complete the Central Pacific Railroad and Chinese immigration numbers increased by 40% between 1870 and 1880.

Trusts are monopolies that control all or most of the sales of a specific good or product. Antitrust legislation passed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was designed to stop found to be “in restraint of trade”. Famous antitrust actions from US history include; the 1911 case of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey vs. United States and the court ordered “break-up” of the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in the early 1980’s.

The public was upset with unions for taking violent steps. Six policemen were killed and some 60 workers were injured during the bomb explosion.

As the government attempted to stay out of big business, leaders and owners took full advantage of markets and opportunities. Leaders such as JP Morgan and Andrew Carnegie were ruthless towards small business as they attempted to establish monopolies.

The Transcontinental Railroad allowed miners in the west to reach markets in the east much faster. It also enabled other goods to be moved faster.

Twain and Dudley's work is how the era came to be known as the Gilded Age.

The development of the American west was greatly aided by the development of the railroad. The development of the railroads in America eventually became a corrupt process. Government involvement lead to a scandal under the administration of U.S. Grant. The control of the railroads by a few companies also brought them into conflict with farmers and the government later on.

Pullman's "village" was upset as workers's wages were not being increased as rent was being raised.

Each of these businessmen came to prominence by having no mercy with their competition and aimed to control all aspects of their industries.

Railroads allowed goods from all over America to reach urban centers for distribution. People were able to travel in sleeping carts and freezer carts were also developed to transport food.

Railroad companies, steel companies, oil fields, construction, and even manufacturing plants all required low wage workers to make cheaper goods.